Visa Basics for Foreign Entrepreneurs Coming to the U.S.
Non-immigrant foreign entrepreneurs who want to start businesses in the U.S. often – and rightly – have visa-related concerns. A typical question: “What kind of visa do I need to start my business?”
This post provides a brief answer to that question.
Visa Waiver
Allows an individual to come to the U.S. for 90 days. No extension or change of status is allowed. Allows attendance at business meetings and other passive business development activities. Does not allow compensation from U.S. sources.
B-1
Business visitor: Allows admission for up to six months. Can be extended, and permits a change to a different immigration status. Allows passive business activities, but not productive work in the U.S. or receipt of any U.S.-based remuneration. However, expenses can be reimbursed. Must benefit a foreign, rather than U.S., business.
E-2
Investor: Requires that a U.S. entity be set up and that a substantial investment made into that entity. Takes several months to obtain and is comparatively expensive. Applies to investors from countries with which the U.S. has applicable treaties. Applies for two years. May be extended for additional two-year periods without limitation.
H-1B
Specialty occupation: Allows a U.S. employer to hire an individual for a specified complex or unique job for a period of up to three years because the position cannot be filled easily from the workforce available in the U.S. Typically can be extended to six years. The individual can form a business in the U.S. but cannot work for it. Note that USCIS gives H-1B cases particularly careful scrutiny.
L-1
Intracompany Transferee: Requires setting up a U.S. company that is a subsidiary or affiliate of an existing foreign company. The individual must have been working for the foreign company for at least one year prior to the transfer. The individual must be working in the U.S. in a managerial, executive or specialized-knowledge capacity. Valid for five years (special-knowledge employees) or seven years (managers or executives). “Dual intent” visa, meaning the holder can apply for a green card without jeopardizing the visa.
The U.S. Department of State offers more-detailed information starting at its Temporary Workers Visas page.
Visa issues can be quite complex. If you have visa-related questions, you should retain a qualified immigration lawyer.
Related posts:
- Visa Basics for Foreign Entrepreneurs, Part 2: What Constitutes Work?
- Can I Get an H-1B Visa Working for My Own Company?
Dana H. Shultz, Attorney at Law +1 510-547-0545 dana [at] danashultz [dot] com
This blog does not provide legal advice and does not create an attorney-client relationship. If you need legal advice, please contact a lawyer directly.
Joshua
8/4/2010 | 11:08 pm Permalink
Thanks for that Dana. Just wondering though, how come I can not sponsor myself for an H-1B visa if I already have a business entity in the US?
Dana
8/5/2010 | 5:51 am Permalink
@Joshua
Aside from the limit on the number of H-1B visas available each year, the business entity would have to obtain a U.S. Department of Foreign Labor Certification. This requires that the employer show, for a bona fide job position with a viable company, that there are insufficient qualified U. S. workers available and willing to perform the work at the prevailing wage paid for the occupation. It is difficult to see how the founder of a startup entity could succeed in making this showing for himself.
claudiu
8/20/2010 | 12:54 pm Permalink
dana, pleas help me with the following situation: i come in USA (though i know what visa should apply for), start up a small business, and place some adds in the local paper that i am hiring people to work for my business. I set the wage around, lets say 3$/hour. Nobody shows up to be hired and….by this i can hire myself. Is this working (legally speaking)? For how long do i have to wait before i can hire myself? Of course, i have the “wicked” idea to place in the add, the following sentence: “as requirements the future employer must speak fluently my home language.
What do you think about that?
Dana
8/20/2010 | 1:40 pm Permalink
@claudiu
First, the disclaimer: We have not entered into an attorney-client relationship, so the following is not intended as, and does not constitute, legal advice.
I must be missing something, because I don’t see how your scheme will help you. If you don’t have a visa that allows you to work in the U.S., you can’t work here. I don’t understand the idea of placing a job advertisement for a position you don’t really want to fill.
Seraca
11/19/2010 | 11:33 am Permalink
Hello Dana and thank you for answering these questions.
I have a business idea for a service that can add a lot of value in toursim/restauration. If a US citizen is my business partner and I’m a canadian citizen is there a possibility of opening up a business? is their a % required in terms of being majority/minority shareholder? what type of Visa should I use then? (if the option is valid)
thank you again for taking the time,
Dana
11/19/2010 | 6:21 pm Permalink
@Seraca
There is no problem with your being a founder / owner of the business – no visa is required. A visa will be required if you want to work for the business in the U.S., however. I gather that the new business will not be a branch of any existing business that you might have in Canada (thus L-1 is inapplicable), so your only (perhaps) practical alternative will be an E-2 visa, which requires that you invest a lot of money (e.g., US$100,000 or more).
B
1/20/2011 | 3:53 pm Permalink
Hi Dana,
I’m curious. My fiance is moving here on a K-1 Visa and once we are married we will be filing for Adjustment of Status to LPR. Will he be permitted to work remotely for his current foreign Training company, training his U.S. clients lawfully?
Since he will be entering on a K1 visa and not VWP at that time, I don’t know if it changes things or not.
Dana
1/20/2011 | 7:12 pm Permalink
All the K-1 will allow him to do is to marry you within 90 days of entering the U.S.; it is not a work visa. Once he has LPR status, he may hold any job at any company.
Henry
2/19/2011 | 7:34 pm Permalink
Can I open a company in the US as a Canadian and still go on vacation in the US 6 months a year?
I will not be working in this company and will be the sole owner.
Can I currently startup this business while I am in USA -i.e begin corporate paperwork, rent and employment arrangements or must I do everything from Canada since I do not have a Visa?
Dana
2/21/2011 | 11:36 am Permalink
@Henry
It is difficult to provide a definitive statement of the boundary between permissible formation activities and impermissible work activities. (This topic is discussed in the related post “Visa Basics for Foreign Entrepreneurs, Part 2: What Constitutes Work?” – please see the link above.) As concerns the activities referenced in your question, “corporate paperwork” appears to be a permissible formation activity, but “rent and employment arrangements” appear to be impermissible work activities.
Maria
3/14/2011 | 5:45 pm Permalink
Hi Dana,
From 2007 until 2009, I’ve been the manager for a real estate company in the Netherlands that is now interested in opening up a daughter company in the US. If I take up their project, could I obtain an L-1 visa through their company or does the “one out of three years” prior to the transfer have to be without (temporarily) quitting?
Dana
3/14/2011 | 6:44 pm Permalink
@Maria
The applicable regulations say nothing about continuous employment without quitting. From 8 CFR Section 214.2(l)(1)(ii)(A): “Intracompany transferee means an alien who, within three years preceding the time of his or her application for admission into the United States, has been employed abroad continuously for one year by a firm or corporation or other legal entity or parent, branch, affiliate, or subsidiary thereof, and who seeks to enter the United States temporarily in order to render his or her services to a branch of the same employer or a parent, affiliate, or subsidiary thereof in a capacity that is managerial, executive , or involves specialized knowledge.”
Maria
3/15/2011 | 12:28 am Permalink
@Dana
Thank you for your quick reply Dana!
I stopped working for the company in February 2010 (and started October 2007). In your understanding, would that mean that my last chance to apply through them is February 2012 or February 2013?
Dana
3/15/2011 | 2:59 am Permalink
@Maria
You would have to apply by February 2012, because February 2009 would be the start of the “three years preceding” and the start of your last year with the company.
sean
3/27/2011 | 6:47 am Permalink
Hi, Dana how are you?
I have a start-up and I am a US citizen. However one of my main partner is F-1 visa status student. Can she be a director of the company (passive role) and also invest in the company as a stockholder? I am not looking for her to become an officer and help me run the company but I would still like her to be involved in some extent.
Thank you very much.
Dana
3/27/2011 | 11:57 am Permalink
@sean
Stockholder is fine. Director should be OK so long as her role really is passive – for example, approving resolutions rather than managing operations or personnel.
Sean
3/27/2011 | 1:40 pm Permalink
Thank you very much for your prompt response! :)
GJ
6/25/2011 | 9:03 pm Permalink
hello Dana,
I am working for a employer in US on L1R visa. I am also building a startup product and company with a friend. I am not earning anything from it. I am also not using my current employers time and resources. I am also not using any IP of my current employer and domain of both is quite different. Is it illegal ?. I will be one of the founder on papers. I have not told my current employer about such involvement. what should I do ?
Dana
6/27/2011 | 12:51 pm Permalink
@GJ
I’m sorry, but your questions are both too detailed and too broad in scope to be suitable for answering on a blog. You should consider retaining a lawyer to guide you.
Adg
7/16/2011 | 11:24 pm Permalink
Hello Dana ,
can you please tell me – if at f-1 status we can own 50% stock of a “C corp” and stay a passive partner . If we can’t how much can we own .
Dana
7/18/2011 | 11:03 am Permalink
@Adg
Individuals with any visa status can own part or all of a C corporation – the problem arises if a shareholder without an appropriate work visa tries to work for the corporation.
Shin Fu
10/16/2011 | 8:09 pm Permalink
Hello Dana,
Can you please tell me, I have a f-1 visa, and I study in US now. Can I create a company in US? Can I work for my company? What kind of company is better? Actually, I wanna sell fried chicken on campus after school. But my school told me, I need create a company.
Dana
10/21/2011 | 2:58 pm Permalink
@Shin Fu
You can form a company, but you cannot work for it (unless you have CPT or OPT). The appropriate type of entity is a decision that requires more information, time and analysis than can be provided in a blog comment.
Bastian
11/3/2011 | 3:34 pm Permalink
@Dana
Hi Dana,
thanks for all your replies and your post, its really interesting to read and helps a lot!
I am pretty much in the same situation that Seraca described:
I want to found with an US citizen. It is not a branch of any company. And I cannot invest a 5 or more digit amount of dollars.
I am a German citizen, with considerable work experience.
Our company is not founded yet.
So the following questions:
-> Does it has any bad influence of me attaining a visa to found as an LLC?
-> Should I still go for the H1B? What is the best way and how are my chances?
We are considering every opportunity. I can be confounder, or work as employee or volunteer. What should we do?
Thanks!!
Dana
11/4/2011 | 10:28 am Permalink
@Bastian
You should discuss your situation with an immigration lawyer who specializes in work visas (please see this blog’s Foreign Countries page).
David Bailey
5/9/2012 | 8:58 am Permalink
Thanks for the excellent post.
I wondered if you could clarify around starting a business with an American co-founder.
Is it possible to create the company with an american co-founder (still retaining over 50% of the company) and that company hire me as a skilled worker? I have a Masters degree in Mathematics from a top non-US university and the startup is mathematically orientated.
Thanks in advance.
Dave
Dana
5/9/2012 | 6:57 pm Permalink
I believe that what you are trying to accomplish is discussed in Can I Get an H-1B Visa Working for My Own Company?.
Ilya
10/12/2012 | 1:37 pm Permalink
Hello Dana, I came here on B1 visa and stayed, I am applying for asylum and received a letter from CIS that they are looking at my application and until the decision is made I can legally reside in US (California). I would like to register a carpet cleaning company, is it going to be possible?
Thanks so much in advance
Dana
10/13/2012 | 1:59 pm Permalink
You may form the new business, but you may not work for it without a Work Authorization Card. (Sorry, but I’m not an immigration lawyer, so I cannot provide additional details.)
Cypress
10/19/2012 | 12:41 pm Permalink
@Dana
Some very helpful information on your site, thank you. What if the work is physically done outside of the US? I am a Canadian looking to start a business offering online education with two US citizens and (my portion of) the work would primarily be completed from Canada.
Dana
10/19/2012 | 3:44 pm Permalink
US work visa issues do not apply to work done outside the US.
Oli Ma
8/17/2013 | 2:34 am Permalink
Hi I have a little question. I’m french but have an americain friend t startup in the US, can I do it with an american partner (even 51% vs 49% ownership?) and could also integrate an accelerator or incubator for startup help the thing?
I heard I have to commit at least 20k personally and 100k or so for the company. even if my partner is american?
thanks a lot !
dhshultz
8/17/2013 | 10:00 pm Permalink
Oli, you have quite specific requirements, thus you need to contact an immigration lawyer to obtain an answer to your questions.
Oli Ma
8/18/2013 | 1:51 am Permalink
Sure. Do you recommend some?
dhshultz
8/18/2013 | 8:56 am Permalink
Please see the Visa / Immigration Matters portion of this blog’s Foreign Countries page.
Leon
8/19/2013 | 3:57 am Permalink
Hi Dana ,
what happens if a person has a lot of money to invest,
but this money is in a us bank account, and the person has overstayed for two years?
is there a way to become legal WITHOUT leaving the country? and without getting married.
dhshultz
8/19/2013 | 5:29 am Permalink
Leon, you have quite specific requirements, thus you need to contact an immigration lawyer to obtain an answer to your questions
Leon
8/19/2013 | 5:32 am Permalink
ok, :) Thank you.
Santiago
10/25/2013 | 7:34 pm Permalink
Hi Dana
I already started an LLC and i am the CEO and currently hold a 50% of the company. I currently doing a PHD under an F1 visa. I can make a CPT/OPT in my company since is in my field of studies?
dhshultz
10/25/2013 | 8:15 pm Permalink
I’m afraid that your question is outside my areas of expertise. You should ask an immigration lawyer and someone at your school.
Santiago
10/28/2013 | 12:55 pm Permalink
Any way, very informative blog.
Kind regards
Santiago
AG
10/25/2013 | 11:52 pm Permalink
Hi Dana,
Thank you for this very useful post.
As a foreign student currently on F-1 visa in the US, am I allowed to purchase common stocks in a private C corporation?
Thank you
dhshultz
10/26/2013 | 7:37 am Permalink
Foreign citizens, irrespective of visa status, may hold shares of US corporations.
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